Learning is a lifelong effort. "Consider a language ... language serves to describe a combination of colored squares on a surface. The squares form a complex like a chessboard. There are red, green, white and black squares. The words of the language are 'red', 'green', 'white', 'black', and a sentence is a series of these words. They describe an arrangement of squares in an order." -- Ludwig Wittgenstein, philosopher (20th century)

Conjunctions

Many of you students have asked me how or when to use conjunctions. I hope this table will answer some of you questions:

CONJUNCTION

What is Linked and how?

SAMPLE SENTENCES

and

Noun phrase + Noun phrase

We have tickets for the train and the airplane.

but

Sentence + Sentence

My English class is on Tuesday, but my piano class is on Wednesday.

or

Verb + verb

Have you seen or heard the opera by Verdi?

both...and

Subject + Subject

Both my sister and my brother play the piano.

either...or

Noun + noun

I will either go for a walk or read a book.

neither...nor

Subject + Subject

He is neither rich nor famous.

not only...but also

Sentence + Sentence

She is not only clever, but also hard-working.

after

later in time

After the train left, we went home.

Before

earlier than

I arrived before the stores were open.

since

1. from a past time

2. as, because

1. I have been here since the sun rose.

2. Since you are here, you can help me.

while

1. at the time when

2. on the other hand

1. While it was snowing, we played cards.

2. He is rich, while his friend is poor.

although

in spite of the fact that

Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.

even if

in spite of a possibility

I am going out even if it rains.

because

for the reason that

We had to wait, because we arrived early.

Unless

except when, if not

Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.

In case

because of a possibility

Take a sweater in case it gets cold.